What approach is most effective for controlling stormwater runoff?

Installing permeable paving is the most effective approach for controlling stormwater runoff because it allows rainwater to infiltrate into the ground rather than running off into storm drains or waterways. This method promotes natural water absorption and helps to restore the hydrological cycle by recharging groundwater supplies. Permeable paving materials, such as permeable concrete, porous asphalt, or interlocking pavers with spaces, facilitate the passage of water while still providing a solid, usable surface for vehicles and pedestrians.

By reducing runoff volume, permeable paving minimizes the risk of flooding and lowers the water quality issues typically associated with stormwater runoff, such as sedimentation and pollutant discharge into nearby aquatic ecosystems. This approach also helps control erosion and can contribute to a healthier urban landscape by managing how rainwater interacts with urban infrastructure effectively.

In contrast, increasing hard surfaces and maximizing development density typically exacerbate stormwater runoff by creating more impervious areas that prevent water from soaking into the ground. Focusing solely on drainage solutions may manage immediate flow but does not address the root causes of runoff or enhance groundwater recharge.