What is a septic system?

A septic system is primarily defined as an underground wastewater treatment structure that collects and treats sewage from households or buildings not connected to a centralized sewer system. It typically consists of a septic tank and a drain field or leach field.

In the septic tank, solid waste settles at the bottom while scum floats to the top. The liquid effluent from the tank then flows to the drain field where it is filtered through soil, which naturally treats the wastewater before it percolates into the groundwater. This critical function allows septic systems to effectively manage and treat organic waste in a localized manner, providing a solution for areas without access to a municipal sewage system.

The other options represent different waste management technologies or methods that do not align with the definition of a septic system. An above-ground waste management system and a central sewage treatment plant serve different functions and structures, whereas composting organic waste involves a completely different process. Understanding these distinctions is essential for grasping the specific role of septic systems in wastewater management.